R. Allen Gardner

Allen Gardner (1930–2021) was an American psychologist whose pioneering research with his wife Beatrix “Trixie” Gardner transformed the study of animal cognition. Together, they raised and taught Washoe, the first chimpanzee to learn American Sign Language, in their home laboratory in Reno, Nevada. Their cross-fostering project, later extended to other chimpanzees, provided groundbreaking insights into communication and language acquisition. The Gardners’ work sparked worldwide attention and became a foundational reference in linguistics and cognitive science. Gardner taught at the University of Nevada, Reno, where his research gave the institution national prominence.

/ Denise Hoffman Brandt

“Excerpts from a project on Trees and Beasts” Denise Hoffman Brandt© Denise Hoffman What do we actually mean when we talk about nature? As a professor in a discipline that since the early 1970s has, mostly, claimed to practice “design with nature”—referencing Ian McHarg’s book (1969) of that title—that’s a question I have often asked. […]

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