James Hutton (1726–1797, Scotland), known as the founder of modern geology, Hutton revealed the abyss of deep time through field observations like Siccar Point’s unconformity, showing that Earth is shaped by slow, enduring processes. He pioneered uniformitarianism—recognizing that the present landscape is the sedimented past made visible—and thus shattered mythic conceptions of Earth’s age. Hutton’s vision laid the temporal ground for evolutionary theory and transformed how humans inhabit geological presence.
What do we actually know about the ground on which we stand, and how does it relate to our landscape projects Interventions on the surface of the landscape affect the underground as much as they are conditioned by it. Many processes pass through the grade of the ground, relating to water, energy, ecology and vegetation, with trees bridging above- and below grade. Organic matter is created in the ground, carbon is captured and stored there, and it is the habitat of various species. If we, as landscape architects, aim to incorporate ecology and hydrology into project development, the design phase must incorporate a thinking of above- and below grade as one.
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